雙語全文|張向晨大使在世貿(mào)組織對美國貿(mào)易政策審議會上的發(fā)言

2018年12月17日，世界貿(mào)易組織在日內(nèi)瓦開始對美國進行貿(mào)易政策審議，上一次審議是在2016年。中國常駐世貿(mào)組織代表張向晨大使率先發(fā)言，批評美國奉行的單邊主義和保護主義貿(mào)易政策，敦促美國履行在多邊貿(mào)易體制中的義務(wù)。以下是張大使的發(fā)言：

主席女士：

很高興在日內(nèi)瓦見到美國貿(mào)易代表辦公室的同事，也讓我回想起當(dāng)年中國加入WTO談判的歲月。我那時有限的WTO知識，一半來自書本，一半來自作為談判對手的美國同事。他們其中一位曾不無驕傲地對我說過，“在我們的血液里，流淌著的都是關(guān)貿(mào)總協(xié)定和WTO的規(guī)則”。WTO規(guī)則體系的建立和多邊貿(mào)易體制的發(fā)展離不開這些美國同事的貢獻。

不久前，美國影視界的大師級人物斯坦·李先生去世了，這對全世界的漫畫電影迷來說是個巨大損失。斯坦?李先生共同創(chuàng)作了我們耳熟能詳?shù)某売⑿郏ㄖ┲雮b，X戰(zhàn)警和鋼鐵俠等等。其中我最喜歡的是蜘蛛俠，而令我印象最深刻的并不是他的超凡能力，而是他的責(zé)任感。我記得蜘蛛俠在電影里說過，“偉大的力量來自偉大的責(zé)任。”蜘蛛俠做到了這一點。

力量和責(zé)任的關(guān)系不僅適用于超人，也適用于普通人和國家。斯坦?李去了，把蜘蛛俠也帶走了。令人同樣遺憾的是，自上次審議之后，特別是這一年來，在貿(mào)易政策領(lǐng)域，我們看到了另外一個美國，一個力量和責(zé)任嚴(yán)重不匹配的美國：

--通過“232措施”限制鋼鐵和鋁產(chǎn)品貿(mào)易，使貿(mào)易保護主義在“國家安全”的幌子下大行其道；

--通過“301措施”大面積提高關(guān)稅，令沉寂多年的單邊主義怪獸再次肆虐；

--通過持續(xù)阻撓上訴機構(gòu)成員遴選，讓多邊貿(mào)易體制的王冠明珠黯然失色。

主席女士，我們不接受對鋼鐵和鋁征收關(guān)稅是出于國家安全考慮的牽強解釋，我們不相信美國不清楚采取單邊“301措施”違反了它自己在WTO做出的承諾，我們不認(rèn)同用癱瘓上訴機構(gòu)的辦法能夠使WTO爭端解決機制變得更有效率。

經(jīng)濟全球化帶來機遇，也帶來挑戰(zhàn)，對每個國家都是如此。是競爭，就不能總做贏家；是合作，就不能只占便宜；是談判，就不能以勢壓人。面對挑戰(zhàn)，我們不能筑起貿(mào)易壁壘的藩籬，正確的選擇應(yīng)是在國內(nèi)采取恰當(dāng)?shù)恼叽胧瑤椭萑刖骄车娜巳嚎朔щy；在國際層面加強協(xié)商和協(xié)調(diào)，為各個國家的發(fā)展提供穩(wěn)定的國際環(huán)境。對WTO也是如此。如果我們所在的這座WTO大廈的屋頂漏雨了，就應(yīng)該齊心協(xié)力去修補，而不應(yīng)該拆毀它，讓大家都暴露在風(fēng)雨之中。

不久前，中國和歐盟等成員共同提出了改革WTO上訴機構(gòu)的提案，我們期待著美國建設(shè)性地參與討論。一些成員對WTO的整體性改革提出了設(shè)想，中國也提出了改革的三個基本原則和五點主張。我們希望與包括美國在內(nèi)的所有成員一起，通過平等協(xié)商，推動WTO與時俱進，進行必要改革，適應(yīng)經(jīng)濟全球化的發(fā)展，回應(yīng)國際工商界的期待。

主席女士，回到力量與責(zé)任的關(guān)系上，小到一個家庭，大到一個國際組織，是老大就該有老大的樣子。不能只顧自身的狹隘利益，為所欲為，損害他人的利益。請允許我引用溫斯頓?丘吉爾1943年在哈佛大學(xué)的講話結(jié)束我的發(fā)言。“偉大的代價是承擔(dān)責(zé)任。……如果過去已經(jīng)證明了這一點，那么它在將來也是無可爭議的事實。美國人不能逃避他們對世界的責(zé)任。”

謝謝主席女士。

以下為英文：

Thank you, Madame Chair,

It is great to see the USTR colleagues in Geneva. It brings me back the memories of the years of China's accession negotiations to the WTO. The limited knowledge of the WTO I had at that time, about half of it came from the books, and another half came from the US colleagues who were our counterparts in the accession negotiations. I remember one of the USTR colleagues told me proudly that “the GATT and WTO rules are in our blood”. Indeed, establishment of the WTO rules and development of the multilateral trading system to a large extent owes much to our colleagues from the United States。

Just over a month ago, one of the legendary figures in the American movie industry - Stan Lee - passed away. This is a great loss for all fans of comic movies around the world. Stan Lee co-created many superheroes that we know, including Spider-Man, the X-Men, Iron Man, and many others. My favourite is Spider-Man. What impressed me the most is not Spider-Man's superhuman abilities, but rather this line from the movie: "With great power comes great responsibility". And Spider-Man certainly lived up to that。

This power and responsibility equation applies not only to the superheroes, but also to us as human beings and countries. Stan Lee passed away and took Spider-Man away. It is also unfortunate that we are seeing, since the last trade policy review, especially during the last year, a different America with severe mis-matched power and responsibility. An America that:

--imposed "section 232" measures on steel and aluminium products, allowing protectionism to be at large under the pretext of the so-called national security;

--applied "section 301" measures to vastly increase tariffs, bringing back to life the ghost of unilateralism that has been dormant for decades;

--blocked the selection of Appellate Body members, practically digging out the crown-jewel of the multilateral trading system。

Madame Chair,For all members, I think it is hard to accept tariff increases on steel and aluminium products based on dubious national security concerns. We do not believe that the United States is not aware that its unilateral "section 301" measures are inconsistent with its WTO commitments. And we cannot side with the statement that putting the Appellate Body in a paralysis will make it more effective。

Economic globalization brings opportunities as well as challenges, for all countries. In a competition, we cannot expect ourselves always to come out as the winner; in a cooperation, we cannot expect only to take and not to give; and in a negotiation, we cannot reach a mutually acceptable result only by exerting pressure.We all need to address challenges of economic globalization. China needs to do so and the United States needs to do so. The right way is not to erect trade barriers, but rather to have initiatives domestically to help those most-affected to adjust, and to strengthen consultation and coordination with trading partners so as to cultivate stable international environment for all. The same goes for the WTO. If the roof of this building is leaking, we should work together to fix it, rather than dismantling it and exposing all of us to rains and storms。

Recently, China along with the EU and a number of members tabled a joint proposal for the reform of the WTO Appellate Body. We very much hope that the United States will constructively engage in this discussion. Members have also shared their thoughts about the overall reform of the WTO, and in this regard, China has proposed three principles and five suggestions. We look forward to working together with all members, including the United States, to push for necessary reforms at the WTO through consultations on equal grounds, to make this organization up-to-date with the realities, adaptable to the developments of the economic globalization and responsive to the expectations from the global business community。

Madame Chair, coming back to the power and responsibility equation, whether it is a small family or an international organization, a top dog should act like a top dog. It cannot only see a narrow spectrum of its own self-interest, and it certainly should not do whatever it wishes at the sacrifice of the others. Please allow me to conclude with a quote from Winston Churchill’s speech at the Harvard University in 1943: “The price of greatness is responsibility... it has been, it will become indisputable in the future. The people of the United States cannot escape world responsibility。”

Thank you, Madame Chair。

來源：常駐世界貿(mào)易組織代表團